贵州山岚桥洞内动物重金属富集的初步研究

2009年6月对贵州安顺市山岚桥洞内软体动物和节肢动物进行了采集。共获标本637号,初步鉴定隶属于2门4纲7目12科25种,合并为螺类、马陆、盲蛛、斑灶马、山蛩虫5个类群。利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光仪测定洞内水、土壤及洞穴中5个类群动物体内的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni8种重金属含量,计算水、土壤中重金属在动物体内的富集系数。结果表明,水、土壤及动物体内的Zn含量最高,水样为112.90μg/L,土样为224.60mg/kg,5个动物类群体内,螺类146.80mg/kg,马陆252.20mg/kg,盲蛛556.80mg/kg,斑灶马233.30mg/kg,山蛩虫722.50mg/kg;5个类群动物对洞穴土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn有明显的富集作用,富集系数均大于1;对洞穴水中As、Cu、Zn、Ni等有明显富集作用,富集系数大于1000。同种动物类群对不同重金属的富集系数不同,不同类群对同种重金属元素的富集系数也有差别。洞穴动物对重金属的富集作用,除了与元素之间相互关联外,还与环境有密切关系。     

长柔毛委陵菜两个种群对重金属富集和热值的影响

测定了生长在云南省金顶铅锌矿的北厂和跑马坪矿段的Zn超富集植物长柔毛委陵菜野外植株的Zn、Pb、Cd等重金属含量和热值特征,并分析了重金属和热值之间的相关性。结果表明,北厂种群的叶片、叶柄和根中Zn的含量分别达到6217.05、7679.86 mg.kg-1和4455.44 mg.kg-1,分别是跑马坪种群的3.2、2.4倍和2.2倍;北厂种群叶片、叶柄和根的Cd含量分别为170.17、242.51 mg.kg-1和244.45 mg.kg-1,分别是跑马坪种群的3.0、2.2倍和1.9倍;而跑马坪种群叶片、叶柄和根的Pb含量分别达到1042.49、829.27 mg.kg-1和2621.39 mg.kg-1,分别是北厂种群的1.2、1.0倍和1.2倍;土壤中重金属含量的不同是造成两个种群富集Zn、Pb和Cd差异的原因。长柔毛委陵菜两个种群对相同重金属的转运和生物富集能力无显著差异,其中对重金属的转运能力呈现ZnCdPb的关系。同时,两个种群的叶片、叶柄和根中的灰分含量和去灰分热值都没有显著差异,其中根部的灰分含量最低,都小于6%;北厂和跑马坪种群的所有部位的热值以叶片最高,其中去灰分热值分别达到19.03kJ.g-1和19.57kJ.g-1。Fe和Mn对长柔毛委陵菜的热值累积有促进作用。     

淮河安徽段水及沉积物中重金属的研究

对采集淮河安徽段水及沉积物样品,利用ICP-AES进行重金属分析,结果表明砷、铅、铬超标,在沉积物中的含量最多。研究区域的重金属开始富集于生物体内,已对水生态系统及水产品安全产生影响,应进一步加强检测工作,以便及时采取相应防治对策。     

1,10-Phenanthroline-dithiolate mixed ligand transition metal complexes. Synthesis, characterization and EPR spectroscopy

A series of new N₂S₂ mixed ligand transition metal complexes, where N₂ is phenanthroline and S₂ is 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto) or 1,2-dithiosquarate (dtsq), has been synthesized and characterized. IR spectra reveal that the 1,2-dithiolate ligands are coordinated via the sulfur atoms forming a N₂S₂ coordination sphere. The copper(II) complex [Cu(phen)(dto)] was studied by EPR spectroscopy as a diamagnetically diluted powder. The diamagnetic dilution resulted from doping of the copper complex into the isostructural host lattice of the nickel complex [Ni(phen)(dto)]. The electronic situation in the frontier orbitals of the copper complex calculated from the experimental data is compared to the results of EHT and DFT calculations. Furthermore, one side product, chlorobis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I) ethanol solvate hydrate [(phen)₂CuCl]·C₂H₅OH·H₂O, was formed by a reduction process and characterized by X-ray diffraction. In the crystal packing one-dimensional columns of dimers are formed, stabilized by significant π-π interactions.     

Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Effects of Cross-innervation of Murine Thyroarytenoid and Sternohyoid Muscles

This work uses cross-innervation of respiratory muscles of different developmental origins to probe myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms regulating their fiber types. The thyroarytenoid (TA) originates from the sixth branchial arch, whereas the sternohyoid (SH) is derived from somitic mesoderm. Immunohistochemical analysis using highly specific monoclonal antibodies to myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms reveals that normal rat SH comprises slow, 2a, 2x, and 2b fibers, as in limb fast muscles, whereas the external division of the TA has only 2b/eo fibers coexpressing 2B and extraocular (EO) MyHCs. Twelve weeks after cross-innervation with the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the SH retained slow and 2a fibers, greatly increased the proportion of 2x fibers, and their 2b fibers failed to express EO MyHC. In the cross-innervated TA, the SH nerve failed to induce slow and 2A MyHC expression and failed to suppress EO MyHC expression in 2b/eo fibers. However, 2x fibers amounting to 4.2% appeared de novo in the external division of the TA. We conclude that although MyHC gene expression in these muscles can be modulated by neural activity, the patterns of response to altered innervation are largely myogenically determined, thus supporting the idea that SH and TA differ in muscle allotype. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:1057–1065, 2010)     

Low Risks,High Public Concern? The Cases of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Heavy Metals,and Nanotech Particles

Risk is an ancient, historic concept; almost everybody has some subjective understanding of what is meant by it. However, there are different types of knowledge, notions, interests, and processes involved both in science-based risk assessment and subjective risk perception. In the present article, we show how risk assessment and risk perception are intricately intertwined. This is exemplified by introducing the state-of-the-art risk assessments applied to three cases (i.e., heavy metals, POPs, and nanotech particles), each with their own unique history and degree of scientific understanding. We elaborate that, when dealing with risk, actors employ different notions (e.g., pure vs. speculative risk), processes (e.g., affective involvement in case) and relations (e.g., trust depending on benefiting from risk) depending on their knowledge, concern, and interests. Finally, we argue that it is important to combine studies on risk perception and risk assessment at an early stage of technology development. The issues and problems of public risk perception are discussed.     

Lack of Complete Exposure Pathways for Metals in Natural and FGD Gypsum

Use of wallboard made from synthetic gypsum generated via flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) by coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) raised questions concerning the potential for exposure to residual trace metals. Because gypsum is widely used (e.g., in wallboard), any issue with metals could have far-reaching implications. A conceptual site model evaluated potential human health exposure pathways for metals in gypsum, through consideration of data for 21 metals including samples of natural (mined) gypsum, and of FGD gypsum. Because there are no screening values for gypsum, comparisons were made to background soil concentrations and to risk-based concentrations for metals in soil termed preliminary remedial action goals (PRGs), which assume more frequent and prolonged contact with particulate soil than would be likely for gypsum, and thus provide a health protective means for evaluation of exposure. Additional screenings evaluated occupational exposure and agricultural use of gypsum. Maximum metal concentrations in natural and FGD gypsum samples were either consistent with background concentrations or much lower than PRGs for residential or agricultural soil, or workplace air, and thus exposure pathways for these media were considered incomplete. Separate analyses of mercury volatilization were conducted, and this pathway was also found to be incomplete.     

Enhancement in the Efficiency of Existing Oxidation Ponds by Using Aquatic Weeds at Little or No Extra Cost—The Macrophyte-Upgraded Oxidation Pond (MUOP)

All over the world, tens of thousands of oxidation ponds are in operation treating sewage and other biodegradable wastewaters. The performance of such ponds can be greatly enhanced if certain aquatic weeds are held in them. The weeds enable better treatment of wastewater in terms of greater reduction in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorous, metals, etc., than is possible in ponds functioning without the weeds. The additional costs of this ‘upgradation’ are minimal compared to the gains, because it essentially involves introduction in the ponds of easily available plants that have no economic value. This paper presents the gist of the know-how utilizable in ‘upgrading’ existing oxidation ponds with the help of aquatic weeds but without any significant additional civil works. It also dwells upon the strategies for the management of the weeds, and their postharvest utilization.     

Asia Ⅰ型口蹄疫病毒中和表位与羊IgG重链恒定区的融合表达及免疫原性测定

VP1蛋白是口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus,FMDV)诱导机体产生抗病毒感染免疫的主要蛋白,含有病毒的若干中和表位.本研究设计和合成了由Asia Ⅰ型FMDV VP1蛋白136～160aa和198～211aa两个表位组成的重复串联表位的编码基因,并克隆了羊IgG重链恒定区编码基因.利用BamH I、EcoR I和Xho I位点将2个基因片段依次克隆到pPROExHTb载体,构建成重组质粒pPRO-FshIgG,将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,以IPTG诱导表达得到融合蛋白FshIgG.100μg FshIgG蛋白免疫豚鼠后刺激豚鼠产生了高效价的FMDV中和抗体,而且使这些免疫豚鼠在用200 ID_(50)剂量FMDV攻击时得到了完全保护.由此证明,羊IgG重链恒定区蛋白能够作为FMDV表位肽的载体,而融合蛋白FshIgG可成为一种口蹄疫表位疫苗候选物用于口蹄疫的预防.     

Assessment of Contaminant Retention in Constructed Wetland Sediments

The A‐01 wetland treatment system (WTS) was designed to remove metals from an industrial effluent at the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC. Sequential extraction data were used to evaluate remobilization and retention of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Fe in the wetland sediment. Remobilization of metals was determined by the Potentially Mobile Fraction (PMF) and metal retention by the Recalcitrant Factor (RF). The PMF, which includes water soluble, exchangeable, and amorphous oxides fractions, is the contaminant fraction that has the potential to enter into the mobile aqueous phase under fluctuating environmental conditions. PMF values were low for Cu, Zn, and Pb (13–27 %) and high for Fe and Mn (62–70 %). The RF, which includes crystalline oxides, sulfides or silicates and aluminosilicates, is the ratio of strongly bound fractions to the total concentration of elements in sediment. RF values ranged from 73–87 % for Cu, Zn, and Pb, indicating high retention in the sediment and from 30–38 % for Fe and Mn, indicating low retention. Contaminant retention, which is determined by solid phase metal speciation, determines the potential mobility and bioavailability of captured metals in wetland sediments; hence, their likelihood of being released if chemical, physical, or biological conditions within the wetland change.